2nd Term Geography and History

Ch 2: The Aryan era

Q1: Where did the Aryans live? Give in detail the arrival in the sub-continent.

Ans: The Aryans belonged to a superior race and they were invaders. The Aryans pushed Dravidians to the South and started living in India. The Aryans came to India as refugees. Their original homeland was the region of central Asia. Aryans entered India through North Western Mountain passes. They entered India in the search of new meadows and green fields. They lived in Indus valley for a long period. Then they spread in the green fields of Ganges and Jumna. In this way the whole part of northern India was occupied by the Aryans. They established free and independent states in different areas.

Q2: Highlight the caste system.

Ans: Hindu society was divided into four castes after the arrival of Aryans. These were Brahmins, Kshatriy, Vaisyas and Sudras. Brahmins performed religious duties. They also had monopoly over education. Panddet and religious men belonged to this caste. Kshatri defended the country. Vaisyas were farmers and traders. The most inferior caste was called Sudras. They performed inferior jobs. They were forcefully kept away from the so called superior caste of people. If they touched any of the person belonging to a superior class he would become filthy.

Q3: Give detail of war between Alexander the great and Raja Poris.

Ans: Alexander was born in Greece in 356 B.C. He left for India to capture its wealth as well as to conquer the world. He crossed the Indus River and advanced towards Texla. The Raja of Texla welcomed him very warmly and offered him many precious gifts to please Alexander. After his stay in Texla he stepped forward to Jhelum to attack Raja Poris. Raja Poris was a brave person. He preferred battle to welcoming Alexander. As the war started Alexander shot hundred of arrows at the elephants of Raja’s army. Thus Raja’s army was routed. Raja fought bravely but in the end he lost the battle. .Alexander had won the battle but the bravery of Poris impressed him a lot. He returned him his empire.

Q4: Write in brief the religious ideas of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.

Ans: Hinduism is totally different from the other two because of its teaching:

1.    Jainism and Buddhism are strictly against caste and creed system while Hinduism believes in caste and creed system.

2.    Buddhism and Jainism lay stress on the theory of “non violence.”

3.    Jainism and Buddhism allow preaching while in the Hinduism one cannot be converted to a Hindu by force.

4.    Jainism and Buddhism teach to refrain from sins, while Hindus believe that after taking “bath” their sins are washed away.

5.    In Hinduism worldly life is given importance. While Jainism and Buddhism are inclined to world monkery.

Q5: Tell about the establishment of Gupt empire and revival of Hinduism.

Ans: Chandar Gupt (first) laid the foundation of Gupt empire in 320 B.C. India got reunited in this period and Hinduism flourished. He started making his empire vast. As areas of Tibet were included in his empire. It spread of Ganges and Jamuna. He died in 335 B.C.

Revival of Hinduism in the Gupt empire:

Gupt age actually is the age of revival of Hinduism. Hinduism reached its peak. Many temples were constructed. Sinsikrit was promoted. Mathematics, stoneware and music got fame. Hindu’s religious leaders started their efforts to make their religion attractive. Sinsikrat progressed in this era. The Hinduism of the present age is the form of same shape.

Ch 2: Maps and Globes and their uses

Q3: What are the important components of map? Also write a note on latitude and longitude.

Ans: Following characteristics are found in a map which a picture cannot show

1.    Map shows direction.

2.    Map has a scale.

3.    Latitudes and Longitudes are drawn a map.

4.    Land forms are shown by conventional signs on a map.

Latitude: The angular measurement of a place taken from equator is shown by lines. These lines are drawn parallel to the equator and are called Latitude. There are 180⁰ latitudes from North pole to south Pole. 90⁰ in the northern hemisphere and 90⁰ in southern hemisphere.

Longitude:  The angular measurement of a place taken from Prime meridian is shown by lines. These lines join together at north and south poles are called longitude. There are 360⁰ longitudes. 180⁰ in the east of prime meridian and 180⁰ in the west of prime meridian upto international date line.

Q4: Name the directions also write a note on types of North.

Ans: Maps are drawn on the basis of directions. East, west, north and south are primary directions. These are called cardinal points.

Types of North: The direction of basic importance on the map is north. It is shown by an arrow on the upper side of the map. North has two types:

1.    Geographic North: The direction in which the North Pole is situated is the Geographic north. It can be detected by the pole star which remains always over head north pole.

2.    Magnetic North: our earth has a magnetic field and like a magnetic bar it has two ends, i.e. magnetic north and magnetic south. Magnetic north can be traced by an instrument known as magnetic capmass. Magnetic north is situated near North Pole in the Canadian island of Prince of Wales.

Q5: Describe the utilities of the map.

Ans: Uses of maps are as under:

1.    Map tells us where we live on the earth.

2.    We need a map for tourism.

3.    A map tells us about direction.

4.    War planning is done on the maps.

5.    Weather conditions are shown with effect on map.

6.    Maps provide guidance for land, water and air travel.

Ch 6: land features of Pakistan

Q3: Write a note on Northern Mountains of Pakistan.

Ans: There are two ranges in the northern mountains.

Himalayas

Karakoram

1.    The Himalayas: The Himalayas are divided into three segments which are situated parallel to each other from south east to north west.

Siwalik Hills: The siwalik hills are situated in Islamabad, Murree, Hazara and Abbottabad. Average height of these hills is about 800 metres.

Lesser Himalayas: In the north of Siwalik Hills are the mountains of Azad Kashmir and Pir panjal. Average height of these mountains is about 4000 metres. These are called lesser Himalyas.

Greater Himalyas: Greater Himalayas are situated in the north of Lesser Himalayas. These snow peaked mountains are situated in Swat, Kohistan and Gilgit. Average height of these mountains is about 6000 metres. The highest peak of this range is Nanga Parbat which is 8126 metres high.

2.    The Karakoram:

In the north of Greater Himalayas, there is another range of snow peaked mountains, situated in Gilgit upto Skardu. This is called Karakoram Range. The highest peak of this range is K2 which is 8611 metres high. K2 is also called Godwin Austin. It is the second highest peak of the world. Huge glaciers are found in this range in which Siachin, Hispar, Baltoro, Biafo and Batura are important.

Q4: Write a note on North western and western mountains of Pakistan.

Ans: There are three mountain ranges in the west of Pamir Knot. Their height decreases towards south. These mountain ranges are:

1.    Hindukush Mountains: Hindukush Mountains are situated in the north west of Pakistan along the border of Afghanistan. This mountain ranges stretches from Chitral, Swat and Malakand up to river Kabul in the south. The highest peak of this range is Tirich Mir which ic 7690 metres high.

2.    Sufaid Koh and Waziristan Hills: In the south of Hindukush Mountains, from river Kabul to river Kurram, along the border of Afghanistan is the mountain range called Sufaid Koh. These mountains are situated in Mohmund and Khyber agency. The valleys of Peshawar, Kohat and Bannu are also situated in these mountains. The highest peak of this range is Sikeram which is 4761 metres high. In the south of Sufaid Koh from river Kuram to river Gomal are situated the less high Wazirstan hills.

3.    Suleman and Kirthar Mountains: In the south of river Gomal upto river Bolan is situated the mountain range, known as Suleman mountains. These mountains are situated along the river Indus between Punjab and Balochistan. The highest peak in this range is Takht-e-Suleman which is 3487 metres high. In the further south of river Bolan between Balochistan and Sindh is the mountain range known as Kirthar Mountains. Towards south the average height of this range is only about 300 metres.

Q5: Write a detailed not on the Indus Plain.

Ans: Indus plain has been divided into three parts.

Upper Indus Plain:

River Indus comes out of the northern mountains and enters into plains. Here the following rivers join it from the eastern side one by one. Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej.

Up to Mithun Kot, the maximum part of Punjab has been formed by the deposition of these rivers. It is called Upper  Indus Plain. It is very fertile and very much favourable for cultivation.

Lower Indus Plain:

From Mithun Kot to Thatta in the south the plain area is called Lower Indus plain. Cholistan and Thar are situated in east of river Indus. Apart from the deserts, the rest of the plain is suitable for cultivation.

Deltaic Indus Plain:

From Thatta to the coast of Arabian Sea in the south the plain area is called Deltaic Indus Plain. Here the speed of river Indus is very slow due to very gentle slope and it is divided into many branches. It is a swampy area.

Short Q/A

Chap 2: Globe, Maps and their Uses

Q1: What is globe?                                               

Ans: If we draw an accurate map of earth on a round body like a football, it will become a model of earth. It is called globe.

Q2: What is map?                                      

Ans: Map is a representation of the whole earth or part of it on a flat surface (paper) according to a given scale.

Q3: Which two rivers meet in Muzafarabad?                                     

Ans: River Neelum and River Jhelum.

Q4: How maps are prepared now days?                                            

Ans: These days maps are prepared on the basis of pictures taken from aeroplanes and satellites.

Q5: How maps were prepared in past?                                               

Ans: In the past position of sun and stars was considered.

Q6: What is projection?                                       

Ans: The network of latitude and longitudes on which a map is drawn is called projection.

Q7: What are conventional signs?                                           

Ans: Land forms are shown by conventional signs on a map.

Q8: What are components of maps?                                       

Ans: Direction, Scale, Latitude and Longitude, conventional signs.

Q9: How maps are drawn?         

Ans: Maps are drawn on the basis of directions.

Q10: What are primary directions?

Ans: East, west, north and south are primary directions.

Q11: What are cardinal points?

Ans: East, west, north and south are called cardinal points.

Q12: What are secondary directions?                                     

Ans: There are four more directions between cardinal points. These are called secondary directions.  North East, South East, South West and North West are secondary directions.

Q13: Name secondary directions.                                            

Ans:  North East, South East, South East, South West.

Q14: Name the country in the east of Pakistan.                                            

Ans:  India is in the east of Pakistan.

Q15: In which direction Arabian Sea is situated?                                         

Ans:  Arabian Sea is in the south of Pakistan.

Q16: Name the two countries in the west of Pakistan.                                            

Ans:  Afghanistan and Iran are in the west of Pakistan.

Q17: Which direction has basic importance?                                               

Ans:  North has basic importance.

Q18: How many types of North are there? Name them.

Ans: There are two types of north, Magnetic north, and Geographical north.                     

Q19: What is geographical north?                                            

Ans: The direction in which the North Pole is situated is the geographical north.

Q20: Where magnetic north is situated?                                            

Ans:  Magnetic north is situated near North Pole in the Canadian island of Prince of Wales.

Q21: What is compass?                                      

Ans:  Compass is a device used to find directions.

Q22: What is scale?                                              

Ans:  A ratio is established between ground and map distance. This is called scale.

Q23: How scale is shown? Name the methods.                                           

Ans:  We can show the scale by three methods.

i.              Statement of scale

ii.            Representative fraction

iii.           Linear scale

Q24: What is a scale?                                           

Ans: A ratio is established between ground and map distance. This is called scale.

Q25:  How scale is shown? Name the methods.                              

Ans: We can show the scale by three methods.

i.              Statement of scale

ii.            Representative fraction

iii.           Linear scale

Q26: How many centimeters are there in 1 meter?                                      

Ans: There are 100 cm in 1 meter.

Q27: How many centimeters are there in 1 K.M?                                          

Ans: There are 100,000 cm in K.M.

Q28: How location of places on ground are shown?                                              

Ans: The location on ground is shown by latitude and longitude.

Q29: What is equator?                                         

Ans: The lines on map which divides the earth into northern and southern hemisphere is called equator.

Q30: What is latitude?                                          

Ans: Lines drawn parallel in the equator are called equator.

Q31: How many latitudes are there?                                        

Ans: There are 180⁰ latitudes from North Pole to South Pole. 90⁰ in the north of equator and 90⁰ in the south of equator.

Q32: Where is Tropic of Cancer?                                             

Ans: It is on 23 1/2^o on northern hemisphere.

Q33: Where is Tropic of Capricorn?                                        

Ans: It is on 23 1/2^o on southern hemisphere.

Q34: What is prime meridian?                                        

Ans: The line earth which divides the earth into eastern and western hemisphere.

Q35: What is longitude?                                      

Ans: The angular measurement of a place taken from prime meridian is shown by lines. These lines join together at north and South Pole are called longitude.

Q36: What is location of Pakistan?                                          

Ans: Pakistan is situated at 24⁰-37⁰ north latitude and 61⁰-77⁰ at east longitude.

Q37: How can we calculate the time difference?                                          

Ans: We can calculate the time difference between two countries with the            help of longitude.

Q38: What is the speed of longitude per hour?                                            

Ans: The speed is 15⁰ longitudes per hour.

Q39: What is the formula of longitude per hour?                                         

Ans: Formula is      =15 longitude per hour.

Q40: What is time zone?                                      

Ans: Due to difference of time the world has been divided into time zones of 15⁰ longitude each. These are called time zone.

Q41: Where Pakistan is situated?                                             

Ans: Pakistan is situated at 24⁰ to 37⁰ north latitude and 61⁰ to 77⁰ east longitude.

Q42: What is Greenwich meridian?                                          

Ans: International time difference is calculated from the Prime meridian which is central longitude. It is also called Greenwich meridian because it passes on map through Greenwich a place in London (U.K).

Q43: Where Lahore city is situated?                                        

Ans: The longitude of Lahore is 75⁰.                         

Q44: What is International Date Line?                                     

Ans: 1800 longitude has been designated as International Date Line.

Q45: What are symbols?                                     

Ans: The physical or cultural land form on surface of earth is shown by symbols on map.

Q46: What are contours?                                    

Ans: Contours are drawn to show altitude on map. These are lines on map which map join areas of equal height.

Q47: What is Atlas?                                              

Ans: The collection of map in shape of book is called Atlas.

Chap 6: Land features of Pakistan

Q1: Write a brief note on Balochistan plateau.                                              

Ans: Balochistan plateau is a vast plateau, situated in the west of suleman and kirthar mountains. Many mountain ranges are situated in this plateau.

Q2: Write a note on river Indus.                                     

Ans: Indus is the longest river of Pakistan. Its length is 2900 kilometres.

Q3: Name four rivers of Balochistan.                                       

Ans:Zhob, Bolan, Hub, Porali, Hingol and Dasht are main rivers of Balochistan.

Q4: Name the deserts of Pakistan.                                           

Ans: Thal, Cholistan, Thar and Kharan are the deserts of Pakistan.

Q5: Name four ports of Pakistan.                                              

Ans: Gawadar, Pasni, Lasbela, Karachi, Bin Qasim and Keti are the ports of Pakistan.

Chap 2: The Aryan Era

Q1: In how many parts the Aryan society was divided?                                        

Ans: Aryan society was divided into four parts.

Q2: Who was Ghutam Buddh?                          

Ans: Ghutam Buddh was born in Kappal Vastu in 563 BC. He was given the name of Sidharath which was later known as Ghutam Buddh. He was founder of Buddhism.

Q3: Who was the founder of Jainism?                        

Ans: Mahaveer was the founder of Jainism.

Q4: Which family Chandar Gupt Maurya belonged?                                   

Ans: Chandar Gupt Maurya belonged to Kshtariy family.

Q5: Who was Sammadar Gupt?                        

Ans: Sammdar Gupt was the son of Chandar Gupt Maurya.