Geography + History Class 6 Chap 1 and 3

Ch 1: Earth as a Planet

Q3: Define rotation and formation of days and nights.

Ans: Rotation: The earth moves around its axis. This is called rotation.

Formation of days and nights:

If a football is hanged with a string and light is thrown on it with torch from a distance of 5 feet. You will see that half portion of football is illuminated and other half is in darkness. Mark the half portion.

Now if you rotate the football slowly, you will see that the portion which was in darkness has come into light and the portion which was illuminated has gone into darkness. Days and nights are formed in the same way. Because the earth is round like a football, its half portion remains in front of the sun for a specific time. This half portion experiences day while the other half portion experiences night. Due to rotation the day and nights are constantly interchanged.

Q4: Define revolution of the earth and the change of seasons.

Ans: Revolution: The movement of the earth in its orbit around the sun is called revolution.

Seasonal variation:

On June 21, the north hemisphere is tilted towards the sun, while the southern hemisphere is away from the sun that’s way there is summer in the northern hemisphere. On December 22, the southern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun, while the northern hemisphere is away from the sun. That is why there is summer in the southern hemisphere and winter in the northern hemisphere.

On March 21 and September 22, neither the two hemisphere is tilted towards the sun. That’s why season is neither too hot nor too cold in both hemispheres.

Q5: Write a note on the continents.

Ans: Continent: The land portion is comprised of seven large masses which are called continents. These are:

1.    Asia:  it is the largest continent. In its east lies the Pacific Ocean, in the west Europe, in the north the northern ocean and in the south the Indian Ocean.

2.    Africa: it is the second largest continent. In its east lies the Indian Ocean, in the west the Atlantic Ocean, in the north the Mediterranean Sea and in the south the southern ocean.

3.    North America: it is the third largest continent. In its east lies the Atlantic Ocean, in the west the Pacific Ocean, in the south the continent of South America.

4.    South America: it is the fourth largest continent. In its east lies the Atlantic Ocean, in the west the Pacific Ocean in the north the continent of North America and in the south the southern ocean.

5.    Antarctica: It is the fifth largest continent. It is situated around the South Pole. Due to its extreme cold climate, it is the only uninhabitated continent.

6.    Europe: It is the sixth largest continent. In its east lies Asia, in the west the Atlantic Ocean, in the north ocean and in the south the Mediterranean Sea.

7.    Australia: It is the smallest continent. In its east and north lies the Pacific Ocean in the west and south lies the Indian Ocean.

Ch 3: Earth as a home for human beings

Q3: Write a note on the relationship of climate and human beings.

Ans: Climate and Human Beings: Our earth is so big that the climate found in different parts is not similar. A lot of variation is found, due to which the diet, clothing and way of living of people is different.

The people living in cold climate wear woolen clothes and fur coats. Fish is important part of their diet.

The people living in warm climate wear light dresses. Their diet is also simple. Variation in climate also affects the colour, physical appearance and working capabilities of human beings.

Q4: Write a note on physical landscape.

Ans: Although the plains are densely populated, however, human beings are also settled in mountains and deserts and have adjusted their lives.

 Mountains: People living in mountains are physically strong because of different terrain. No flat land available in mountains. Crops like maize, rice, tea and fruits are cultivated. It is difficult to develop road and railway network.

Winters are severe in mountains while summer is pleasant. Forests are found in mountains. Mountains are considered beautiful tourists resorts.

 Plains: Plains provide an easy environment. Land allows large scale cultivation, development and industries and transportation networks. Climate is not too sever, 80% of world’s population resides in plains.

Deserts: The amount of rainfall in desert in very low, that’s why there are no permanent rivers in deserts. Cactus and palms (date tree) grow in desert. People live a nomadic way of life in search of water and food.

Q5: What is meant by Natural environment? Also write a note on the relationship between forests and human beings.

Ans: Homes provide us natural environment on which life depends. The natural environment is present only on the earth among the other planets of the solar system.

Relationship of human being with forests is as under.

1.    Forests are basic source of oxygen.

2.    Relationship between forests and human being is very old.

3.    We get shrubs, herbs and fruit etc from forests.

4.    Houses are constructed with wood.

5.    Forests affect the climate.

Ch 1: Indus Valley civization

Q1: How the Indus valley civilization had been discovered and also describe from where the signs of ancient civilization have been found?

Ans: The sign of Indus valley civilization were first discovered during excavation of the land. Indus valley is one of the oldest civilizations of the world. The sigh of this civilization are found in Sindh at Mohenjodarho and in Punjab along with river Ravi at Harrapa (Sahiwal). Four more ancient civilization of the world have not been discovered of Egypt, Mesopotamia (Iraq), Summaria and the Indus valley are included in it.

Q3: Narrate the social system and religious beliefs of Indus Valley?  

Ans: Indus Valley system was run under regular administration. It was enforced to keep the system of weight and measurement correct and according the standard. That society had been divided into different sections. Majority of people had been poor. They lived in lower areas in small houses. Framers lived in village, while nomads wandered with herbs of cattle in forests and plains. Jobs had been located among men and women.

Religious beliefs: The religion of Indus valley civilization could not be guessed through any composition. However, there have been found the portrait of             and mother goddess on stamps, which reflects that they used to worship the status gods. Animals were also worshiped as a custom.

Q3: Write a note on agriculture and trade of Indus Valley? 

Ans: The soil of Indus Valley was fertile. The dependence of its wealth was upon trade and agriculture. The majority of Indus Valley civilization was consisted of farmers made the soil fit for cultivation purposes wheat, millet, barely, vetches, pees Indian millet, sesame-seed, rice, linseed mustard-seed and cotton was produce. The sign of the melon and grapes have been found among fruits.

Commercial activities: Trade of agriculture crops and minerals had been carried among cities and villages of Indus Valley. Internal trade had been carried among cities and villages of Indus valley. Internal trade had been carried by bullock-carts weight and scales of measurements have been found which are made of stones in quadrilateral shape.

 Q4: Describe the prominent features of Indus Valley town planning.

Ans: The people of Indus valley had excellent knowledge of art of architecture. Cities and towns had had been constructed with great technique and planning. Houses had been built on the edges of roads of city. Backed bricks were used in their construction. Every house had bathrooms which had been made towards outer street. Houses had been more than one storey. There was a reasonable arrangement of light and air in houses.