Geo + History 2nd Semester Notes

Ch.4: Rocks

Short Q/A

Q1: What is an element?

Ans: An element is the simplest form of matter.

Q2: What is meant by minerals?

Ans: Vital resources found in earth are called minerals.

Q3: Which organic elements are found in rocks?

Ans: Organic elements like oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium,         potassium and magnesium are found in rocks.

Q4: What is rock?

Ans: Rock is a combination of two or more minerals.

Q5: Which things are found in rocks?

Ans: In some rocks crystals are found and in some rocks fossils of animals and     plants are found.

Q6: How many types of rocks are there?

Ans: There are three types of rocks.

Q7: Write names of types of rocks.

Ans: 1. Igneous Rocks

          2. Sedimentary Rocks

          3. Metamorphic Rocks

Q8: Which resources human beings use?

Ans: Human beings use resources i.e. coal, petroleum, salt, iron etc.

Q9: What is temperature of earth in centre?

Ans: Temperature of earth in centre is about 5000⁰ centigrade.

Q10: How magma is formed?

Ans: The minerals melt and thick igneous matter magma is formed.

Q11: What is lava?

Ans: The magma when comes on the surface of earth is called Lava.

Q12: What does word igneous mean?

Ans: The word igneous mean “fire”.

Q13: How many types of igneous rocks are there?

Ans: There are two types of igneous rocks.

Q14: Write names of types of igneous rocks.

Ans: 1. Intrusive Igneous Rocks

          2. Extrusive Igneous Rocks

Q15: What is meant by intrusive igneous rock?

Ans: When the molten matter solidifies deep inside the surface of the earth, the      rock thus formed is called Intrusive igneous rock.

Q16: Which rocks are intrusive igneous rocks?

Ans: Granite, diorite and gabbro are intrusive igneous rocks.

Q17: What is meant by extrusive igneous rocks?

Ans: When the molten matter comes on the surface of the earth and solidifies, the rock thus formed is called extrusive igneous rocks.

Q18: Which rocks are extrusive igneous rocks?

Ans: Basalt and obsidian are extrusive igneous rocks.

Q19: Why crystals are not found in extrusive igneous rocks?

Ans: The molten matter solidifies quickly that’s why crystals are not found.

Q20: Where extrusive igneous rocks are found in Pakistan?

Ans: In Pakistan these rocks are found in Hazara and Balochistan.

Q21: Which rocks are called primary rocks?

Ans: Igneous rocks are also primary rocks.

Q22: What is meant by sedimentary rocks?

Ans: The surface of earth weathered and eroded into sediments by solar heat,        rain, wind, river or glacier and deposited layer by layer. These layers fix   together firmly with the passage of time and a rock is formed which is    called sedimentary rock.

Q23: How many types of sedimentary rocks are there?

Ans: There are three types of sedimentary rocks.

Q24: Write the names of sedimentary rocks.

Ans: 1. Mechanically formed rocks

          2. Chemically formed rocks

          3. Organic rocks

Q25: What are mechanically formed rocks?

Ans: Wind, river and glacier erode the rock and deposit them in layered form. The rock formed by the layers is called Mechanically formed rock.

Q26: Which rocks are mechanically formed rocks?

Ans: sandstone, shale and conglomerate are mechanically formed rocks.

Q27: Where mechanically formed rocks are found in Pakistan?

Ans: In Pakistan mechanically formed are found in Northern areas and Potwar pleatue.

Q28: What are chemically formed rocks?

Ans: When water evaporates, it leaves behind layers behind layers of  salts. The    rocks formed by these layers are called chemically formed rocks.

Q29: Which rocks are chemically formed rocks?

Ans: Rock salt, gypsum and dolomite are chemically formed rocks.

Q30: Where chemically formed rocks are found in Pakistan?

Ans: In Pakistan these rocks are formed in salt range, Daud khel , D.G Khan and Dadu.

Q31: What is meant by organic rocks?

Ans: Organic rocks are formed by the fossils of animals and plants.

Q32: What is found in organic rocks?

Ans: Calcium and carbon are found in organic rocks.

Q33: What is meant by Calcareous rocks?

Ans: If fossils of animals are found in abundance then these rocks are called          calcareous rock.

Q34: Which rocks are calcareous rocks?

Ans: Limestone and corals are calcareous rocks.

Q35: Where calcareous rocks are found in Pakistan?

Ans: In Pakistan these rocks are found in Salt range and Hazara.

Q36: What is meant by carbonaceous rocks?

Ans: If fossils of plants are found in abundance then these rocks are called   carbonaceous rocks.

Q37: Which rock is carbonaceous rock?

Ans: Peat (raw coal) is carbonaceous rock.

Q38: What is meant by metamorphic rocks?

Ans: The rocks formed or buried under the surface of the earth are changed.          These changed rocks are called metamorphic rocks.

Q39: What are reasons of change?

Ans: There are two main reasons of this change.

(a) Temperature              (b) Pressure

Q40: How many types of metamorphic rocks are there?

Ans: There are two types of metamorphic rocks.

Q41: Write names of types of metamorphic rocks.

Ans: 1. Rocks formed by Thermal metamorphism

          2. Rocks formed by Regional metamorphism

Q42: How bricks are made?

Ans: Bricks are made by clay.

Q43: What is meant by thermal metamorphism?

Ans: The heat of magma, when moves inside the earth, passes near or over a rock, changes its composition and structure and a new rock is formed. This process is called thermal metamorphism.

Q44: What type of rock is marble?

Ans: Marble is metamorphic rock.

Q45: Write use of marble.

Ans: Marble is used in construction for durability and beauty.

Q46: Write use of limestone?

Ans: Limestone is used commonly for white wash.

Q47: Where marble is found in Pakistan?

Ans: Marble is found in area of Mullaghori (KPK) and Balochistan.

Q48: What is meant by regional metamorphism?

Ans: Earthquakes and mountain building forces cause a rock to sink inside the earth. This process is called regional metamorphism.

Q49: How slate is formed?

Ans: shale after being squeezed turns into slate.

Q50: Where metamorphic rocks are found in Pakistan?

Ans: In Pakistan these rocks are found in areas of Abbotabad and Kund.

Geography + History Class 6 Chap 1 and 3

Ch 1: Earth as a Planet

Q3: Define rotation and formation of days and nights.

Ans: Rotation: The earth moves around its axis. This is called rotation.

Formation of days and nights:

If a football is hanged with a string and light is thrown on it with torch from a distance of 5 feet. You will see that half portion of football is illuminated and other half is in darkness. Mark the half portion.

Now if you rotate the football slowly, you will see that the portion which was in darkness has come into light and the portion which was illuminated has gone into darkness. Days and nights are formed in the same way. Because the earth is round like a football, its half portion remains in front of the sun for a specific time. This half portion experiences day while the other half portion experiences night. Due to rotation the day and nights are constantly interchanged.

Q4: Define revolution of the earth and the change of seasons.

Ans: Revolution: The movement of the earth in its orbit around the sun is called revolution.

Seasonal variation:

On June 21, the north hemisphere is tilted towards the sun, while the southern hemisphere is away from the sun that’s way there is summer in the northern hemisphere. On December 22, the southern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun, while the northern hemisphere is away from the sun. That is why there is summer in the southern hemisphere and winter in the northern hemisphere.

On March 21 and September 22, neither the two hemisphere is tilted towards the sun. That’s why season is neither too hot nor too cold in both hemispheres.

Q5: Write a note on the continents.

Ans: Continent: The land portion is comprised of seven large masses which are called continents. These are:

1.    Asia:  it is the largest continent. In its east lies the Pacific Ocean, in the west Europe, in the north the northern ocean and in the south the Indian Ocean.

2.    Africa: it is the second largest continent. In its east lies the Indian Ocean, in the west the Atlantic Ocean, in the north the Mediterranean Sea and in the south the southern ocean.

3.    North America: it is the third largest continent. In its east lies the Atlantic Ocean, in the west the Pacific Ocean, in the south the continent of South America.

4.    South America: it is the fourth largest continent. In its east lies the Atlantic Ocean, in the west the Pacific Ocean in the north the continent of North America and in the south the southern ocean.

5.    Antarctica: It is the fifth largest continent. It is situated around the South Pole. Due to its extreme cold climate, it is the only uninhabitated continent.

6.    Europe: It is the sixth largest continent. In its east lies Asia, in the west the Atlantic Ocean, in the north ocean and in the south the Mediterranean Sea.

7.    Australia: It is the smallest continent. In its east and north lies the Pacific Ocean in the west and south lies the Indian Ocean.

Ch 3: Earth as a home for human beings

Q3: Write a note on the relationship of climate and human beings.

Ans: Climate and Human Beings: Our earth is so big that the climate found in different parts is not similar. A lot of variation is found, due to which the diet, clothing and way of living of people is different.

The people living in cold climate wear woolen clothes and fur coats. Fish is important part of their diet.

The people living in warm climate wear light dresses. Their diet is also simple. Variation in climate also affects the colour, physical appearance and working capabilities of human beings.

Q4: Write a note on physical landscape.

Ans: Although the plains are densely populated, however, human beings are also settled in mountains and deserts and have adjusted their lives.

 Mountains: People living in mountains are physically strong because of different terrain. No flat land available in mountains. Crops like maize, rice, tea and fruits are cultivated. It is difficult to develop road and railway network.

Winters are severe in mountains while summer is pleasant. Forests are found in mountains. Mountains are considered beautiful tourists resorts.

 Plains: Plains provide an easy environment. Land allows large scale cultivation, development and industries and transportation networks. Climate is not too sever, 80% of world’s population resides in plains.

Deserts: The amount of rainfall in desert in very low, that’s why there are no permanent rivers in deserts. Cactus and palms (date tree) grow in desert. People live a nomadic way of life in search of water and food.

Q5: What is meant by Natural environment? Also write a note on the relationship between forests and human beings.

Ans: Homes provide us natural environment on which life depends. The natural environment is present only on the earth among the other planets of the solar system.

Relationship of human being with forests is as under.

1.    Forests are basic source of oxygen.

2.    Relationship between forests and human being is very old.

3.    We get shrubs, herbs and fruit etc from forests.

4.    Houses are constructed with wood.

5.    Forests affect the climate.

Ch 1: Indus Valley civization

Q1: How the Indus valley civilization had been discovered and also describe from where the signs of ancient civilization have been found?

Ans: The sign of Indus valley civilization were first discovered during excavation of the land. Indus valley is one of the oldest civilizations of the world. The sigh of this civilization are found in Sindh at Mohenjodarho and in Punjab along with river Ravi at Harrapa (Sahiwal). Four more ancient civilization of the world have not been discovered of Egypt, Mesopotamia (Iraq), Summaria and the Indus valley are included in it.

Q3: Narrate the social system and religious beliefs of Indus Valley?  

Ans: Indus Valley system was run under regular administration. It was enforced to keep the system of weight and measurement correct and according the standard. That society had been divided into different sections. Majority of people had been poor. They lived in lower areas in small houses. Framers lived in village, while nomads wandered with herbs of cattle in forests and plains. Jobs had been located among men and women.

Religious beliefs: The religion of Indus valley civilization could not be guessed through any composition. However, there have been found the portrait of             and mother goddess on stamps, which reflects that they used to worship the status gods. Animals were also worshiped as a custom.

Q3: Write a note on agriculture and trade of Indus Valley? 

Ans: The soil of Indus Valley was fertile. The dependence of its wealth was upon trade and agriculture. The majority of Indus Valley civilization was consisted of farmers made the soil fit for cultivation purposes wheat, millet, barely, vetches, pees Indian millet, sesame-seed, rice, linseed mustard-seed and cotton was produce. The sign of the melon and grapes have been found among fruits.

Commercial activities: Trade of agriculture crops and minerals had been carried among cities and villages of Indus Valley. Internal trade had been carried among cities and villages of Indus valley. Internal trade had been carried by bullock-carts weight and scales of measurements have been found which are made of stones in quadrilateral shape.

 Q4: Describe the prominent features of Indus Valley town planning.

Ans: The people of Indus valley had excellent knowledge of art of architecture. Cities and towns had had been constructed with great technique and planning. Houses had been built on the edges of roads of city. Backed bricks were used in their construction. Every house had bathrooms which had been made towards outer street. Houses had been more than one storey. There was a reasonable arrangement of light and air in houses.

~* ~* History + Geography 1st Semester Notes~* ~*

Ch.1: Indus Valley Civilization

Short Q/A

Q1: What is history?

Ans: History is such an organized study of past, in which it examined the result and effects of the events of passed away nations.

Q2: How a thought can be created?

Ans: A thought can be created for future after getting a lesson from the historical events and present circumstances حالات.

Q3: What is aim of history?

Ans: Basic aim of history is to keep the new generation up-to-date.

Q4: What does study of history provide?

Ans: The study of history provides us comprehensive جامع knowledge of nations.

Q5: Which is oldest civilization of world?

Ans: Indus valley is one of the oldest civilization of the world.

Q6: Where signs of Indus valley are found?

Ans: The signs of Indus valley are found in Sindh at Mohenjodarho and in Punjab along with the river ravi Harppa (Sahiwal).

Q7: How many settlements are discovered in Pakistan and India?

Ans: About 1500 settlements are discovered in Pakistan and India.

Q8: Into how many periods Indus valley civilization is divided?

Ans: The Indus valley civilization consisted of three periods.

          (i). Primary period           2500 BC to 3800 BC

          (ii). Middle period            1700 BC to 2500 BC

          (iii). Last period               1300 BC to 1700 BC

Q9: In which period new cities were established?

Ans: Many new cities and villages were established in middle period.

Q10: Where is Mohenjodarho?

Ans: Mohenjodarho an ancient  قدیم   city in District Larkana (Sindh).

Q11: When signs of Indus valley were discovered?

Ans: The signs of Indus valley were discovered in 1922.

Q12: Which things are found in Mohenjodaro?

Ans: Ornaments, clay, bronze, utensils, seals, carts, boats, toys, spindles and           skeletons of different animals.

Q13: Which is second most important city of Indus valley?

Ans: Harrapa is second most important city of Indus valley.

Q14: Which things are found in Harrapa?

Ans: Solid clay utensils, seals and system of measures and weights.

Q15: How many civilizations have been discovered in world?

Ans: Four most ancient civilizations have been found.

Q16: Name the civilizations which have been found?

Ans: Egypt, Mesopotamia (Iraq), Summaria and Indus valley have been found.

Q17: With which cities Indus valley had trade relations?

Ans: Indus valley had trade relations with southern Iran, Iraq, Egypt and Persian Gulf.

Q18: What is meant by cradle of civilization?

Ans: Indus valley, Dajla, Farat and Neil valley are called cradle of civilizations.

Q19: By whom Indus valley had religion relations?

Ans: It had commercial   تجارتیand religion relations with Summaria and Babal .

Q20: Which things were imported from Egypt?

Ans: Building stones, skins, gold, emerald, ropes and dry goods.

Q21: Which things were imported from Iraq?

Ans: Silver, woolen cloth, leather and oil were imported from Iraq.

Q22: Which portraits have been found in Indus valley?

Ans: Portraits of gods and mother goddess were founds in Indus valley.

Q23: How Indus valley system was run?

Ans: Indus valley system was run under a regular administration.

Q24: Where did land lord and influential صاحب اقتدار لوگ persons reside?

Ans: Land lords and influential persons resided in upper parts in large houses.

Q25: How many symbols were in writing script?

Ans: 400 symbols were in writing.

Q26: What kind of soil did Indus valley have?

Ans: The soil in Indus valley was fertile.

Q27: Which crops were cultivated in Indus valley?

Ans: Wheat, millet, barley, vetches, peas, Indian millet, sesame-seed, rice,           linseed, mustard-seed and cotton.

Q28: Which animal had importance in Indus valley?

Ans: Bull had importance in Indus valley.

Q29: How internal trade was carried by?

Ans: Internal trade had been carried by bullock-carts.

Q30: Where houses were built?

Ans: Houses were built on the edges of the roads of city.

Q31: What was used to go upper storey?

Ans: Ladders سیڑھی had been used to go upper storey.

Q32: What was the size of roads in Indus valley?

Ans: The size of roads was one kilometer long and nine meters wide.

Q33: Who destroyed the Indus valley?

Ans: Aryan assailants حملہ آور destroyed the Indus valley.

Q34: When did Indus valley disappear?

Ans: Indus valley disappeared in 1500 B.C.

Q35: Which calamities caused the decline?

Ans: The calamities like earthquakes and floods caused the decline.

Q36: Which was the major profession of Indus valley people?

Ans: Farming was the major profession of Indus valley people.

Q37: Where had migrated the local population after arrival of Aryans?

Ans: Local people migrated towards south-east.

Ch.1: Earth as a Planet

Short Q/A

Q1: What is big-bang?

Ans: The creation of universe resulted from a massive explosion about 15 to 20      billion years ago. This is called big bang.

Q2: What is universe?

Ans: The universe is combination of billions of galaxies comprised of matter.

Q3: What is milky way Galaxy?

Ans: Milky way galaxy is collection of billions of stars, gases and clouds of dust.

Q4: What is solar system?

Ans: Eight planets revolve round the sun. This is called solar system.

Q5: When solar system was originated?

Ans: Solar system was originated about 5 billion years ago.

Q6: Which gases are available in sun?

Ans: Hydrogen and helium gases are available in sun.

Q7: What is temperature of sun?

Ans: The temperature of sun is 6000⁰ centigrade.

Q8: In how many days earth revolves around sun?

Ans: Earth revolves around sun in about 365 days and 6 hours.

Q9: What is meant by leap year?

Ans: After every four years there are 29 days in February, it is called leap year.

Q10: When Pluto was eliminated ختم کر د یاگیا from solar system?

Ans: Pluto was eliminated in August 2006.

Q11: How does earth look like?

Ans: Earth is round like football.

Q12: What is diameter of earth?

Ans: Diameter of earth is about 12750 kilometers.

Q13: What is circumference of earth?

Ans: Circumference of earth is 40,000 kilometers.

Q14: What is area of earth?

Ans: The area of the surface of earth is about 510 million square kilometers.

Q15: What are two types of movement of earth?

Ans: Rotation and revolution.

Q16: What is meant by rotation?

Ans: The earth moves around its axis. This is called rotation.

Q17: What is speed of rotation?

Ans: The speed of rotation is 1700 kms per hour.

Q18: In how much time earth completes rotation?

Ans: In 24 hours earth completes its rotation.

Q19: At which angle earth’s axis is tilted?

Ans: The earth’s axis is tilted at an angle of 66 ½ .

Q20: What is revolution?

Ans: The movement of the earth in its orbit around the sun is called revolution.

Q21: what is speed of revolution?

Ans: The speed of revolution is about 107,000 kms per hour.

Q22: In how many days earth completes its revolution?

Ans: The earth completes its revolution in 365 days and 6 hours.

Q23: What is shape of earth’s orbit?

Ans: The orbit revolves in oval shape.

Q24: What is solar eclipse?

Ans: Sometimes the moon comes between the sun and the earth, due to which           the sun is not seen. This is called solar eclipse.

Q25: What is lunar eclipse?

Ans: Sometimes the earth comes between the sun and the moon, due to which           the moon is not seen. This is called lunar eclipse.

Q26: What is area of earth?

Ans: The area of earth is about 510 million sq kms.

Q27: How much area of earth is comprised by land?

Ans: 29% of earth is comprised by land.

Q28: How much area of earth is comprised by water?

Ans: 71% of earth is comprised by water.

Q29: What is meant by continent?

Ans: The land portion is comprised of seven large masses which are called           continents.

Q30: Name continents.

Ans: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Australia.

Q31: Which is largest continent?

Ans: Asia is the largest continent.

Q32: Which is second largest continent?

Ans: Africa is second largest continent.

Q33: Which is third largest continent?

Ans: North America is third largest continent.

Q34: Which is fourth largest continent?

Ans: South America is fourth largest continent.

Q35: Which is fifth largest continent?

Ans: Antarctica is fifth largest continent.

Q36: Why people don’t live in Antarctica?

Ans: Due to extreme climate. It is uninhabited continent.

Q37: Which is sixth largest continent?

Ans: Europe is sixth largest continent.

Q38: Which is smallest continent?

Ans: Australia is sixth largest continent.

Q39: What is ocean?

Ans: A huge mass of water is called ocean.

Q40: How many oceans are in world?

Ans: There are five oceans in world.

Q41: Name oceans.

Ans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, Northern Ocean.

Q42: Which is the largest ocean?

Ans: Pacific ocean is the largest ocean.

Q43: Which is the second largest ocean?

Ans: Atlantic ocean is second largest ocean.

Q44: Which is the third largest ocean?

Ans: Indian ocean is third largest ocean.

Q45: Which is the fourth largest ocean?

Ans: Southern ocean is fourth largest ocean.

Q46: Which is the smallest ocean?

Ans: Northern ocean is the smallest ocean.

Ch.3: Earth as home of human beings

Short Q/A

Q1: What does home provide?

Ans: Home provides the environment necessary for the structure of human life to exist.

Q2: Which gas enriched atmosphere?

Ans: Oxygen enriched atmosphere.

Q3: Name natural sphere.

Ans: Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere and Biosphere.

Q4: What is atmosphere?

Ans: There is an envelope of different gases, water vapours and dust particles which surrounds our earth. It is called Atmosphere.

Q5: Which gas is most important?

Ans: Oxygen gas is most important.

Q6: Which gas do the plants utilize?

Ans: Carbon dioxide is utilized by plants.

Q7: What is ozone?

Ans: Ozone shields our earth from the dangerous ultra-violet rays from sun.

Q8: What is lithosphere?

Ans: The surface area of earth is about 510 million sq kms. About 29% of this           area is comprised of land. This is called Lithosphere.

Q9: What is hydrosphere?

Ans: About 71% of the earth’s surface is comprised of water in different shapes        i.e. oceans, rivers and lakes etc. This is called hydrosphere.

Q10: What is evaporation?

Ans: The water vapours enter the atmosphere. It is called evaporation.

Q11: What is biosphere?

Ans: The sphere of life comprised of plants, animals and human beings. It is           dependent upon other three spheres. It is called biosphere.

Q12: What is natural environment?

Ans: Atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere collectively form the     natural environment.

Q13: How people living in mountains are strong?

Ans: People living in mountains are physically strong because of difficult terrain.

Q14: Which crops are cultivated in mountains?

Ans: Crops like maize, rice, tea and fruits are cultivated in mountains.

Q15: Which areas are considered beautiful resorts points?

Ans: Mountains are considered beautiful tourists resorts points.

Q16: How much population resides in plains?

Ans: 80% of world population resides in plains.

Q17: What does flat land allow?

Ans: Flat land allows large scale cultivation, development of industries and           transportation network.

Q18: Why there are no rivers in deserts?

Ans: The amount of rainfall in deserts is very low. That’s why there are no rivers.

Q19: What kind of life do people live in deserts?

Ans: People living in deserts live a nomadic  بدوشخانہ  life.

Q20: Which trees grow in deserts?

Ans: Cactus and palms (date tree) grow in deserts.

Q21: How international trade is done?

Ans: International trade is done mostly via sea-routes.

Q22: When and where canoes were made?

Ans: Canoes were made 6000 BC in Egypt.

Q23: When roman trade ships were made?

Ans: Roman trade ships were made 2000 years ago.

Q24: What are important sources of irrigation?

Ans: Rivers are important sources ذرائع of irrigation.

Q25: How hydro-electricity is generated?

Ans: Hydro-electricity is generated from rivers.

Q26: How much area of Pakistan is comprised of forests?

Ans: 5% percent of area of Pakistan is comprised of forests.

Q27: What are roof gardens?

Ans: The world’s most dense forests are found near the equator. These are called Roof Gardens.

Q28: In deserts what is used for transportation?

Ans: In deserts camel is used for transportation.

Q29: How silk is attained?

Ans: Silk is attained from silk worms.