Ch 1: Indus Valley civilization
Q1: How the Indus valley civilization had
been discovered and also describe from where the signs of ancient civilization
have been found?
Ans: The signs of Indus valley civilization were
first discovered in 1922 in Mohenjodarho during excavation of the land. Indus
valley is one of the oldest civilizations of the world. The signs of this
civilization are found in Sindh at Mohenjodarho and in Punjab along with river
Ravi at Harappa (Sahiwal). Four more ancient civilization of the world have not
been discovered of Egypt, Mesopotamia (Iraq), Summaria and the Indus valley are
included in it.
Q2: Indicate the routes by using the map
how the Indus valley established with its contemporary civilizations.
Ans: The Indus valley had trade relations with
Southern Iran, Iraq, Egypt and Persian Gulf. Indus valley, Dajla, Farat and
Neil valley are also called “cradle of civilizations”. It had also commercial
and religious relations with Sumaria and Babal civilizations.
Q3: Narrate the social system and
religious beliefs of Indus Valley?
Ans: Indus Valley system was run under regular
administration. It was enforced to keep the system of weight and measurement
correct and according the standard. That society had been divided into different
sections. Majority of people had been poor. They lived in lower areas in small
houses. Framers lived in village, while nomads wandered with herbs of cattle in
forests and plains. Jobs had been located among men and women.
Religious beliefs: The religion
of Indus valley civilization could not be guessed through any composition.
However, there have been found the portrait of gods
and mother goddess on stamps, which reflects that they used to worship the
status gods. Animals were also worshiped as a custom.
Q4: Write a note on agriculture and trade
of Indus Valley?
Ans: The soil of Indus Valley was fertile. The
dependence of its wealth was upon trade and agriculture. The majority of Indus
Valley civilization was consisted of farmers who made the soil fit for
cultivation purposes wheat, millet, barley, vetches, peas Indian millet,
sesame-seed, rice, linseed mustard-seed and cotton was produced. The signs of dates,
melon and grapes have been found among fruits.
Commercial activities: Trade of
agricultural crops and minerals had been carried among cities and villages of
Indus Valley. Internal trade had been carried by bullock-carts weight and
scales of measurements have been found which are made of stones in
quadrilateral shape.
Q5: Describe the prominent features of the Indus
Valley town planning.
Ans: The people of Indus valley had excellent
knowledge of art of architecture. Cities and towns had had been constructed
with great technique and planning. Houses had been built on the edges of roads
of city. Backed bricks were used in their construction. Every house had
bathrooms which had been made towards outer street. Houses had been more than
one storey. Ladders had been used to go to upper storey. There was a reasonable
arrangement of light and air in houses.
Ch 2: the Aryan era
Q1: Where did the Aryans live? Give in
detail the arrival in the sub-continent.
Ans: The Aryans belonged to a superior race and
they were invaders. The Aryans pushed Dravidians to the South and started
living in India. The Aryans came to India as refugees. Their original homeland
was the region of central Asia. Aryans entered India through North Western Mountain
passes. They entered India in the search of new meadows and green fields. They
lived in Indus valley for a long period. Then they spread in the green fields
of Ganges and Jummna. In this way the whole part of northern India was occupied
by the Aryans. They established free and independent states in different areas.
Q2: Highlight the caste system.
Ans: Hindu society was divided into four castes
after the arrival of Aryans. These were Brahmins, Kshatriy, Vaisyas and Sudras.
Brahmins performed religious duties. They also had monopoly over education.
Panddet and religious men belonged to this caste. Kshatriy defended the
country. Vaisyas were farmers and traders. The most inferior caste was called
Sudras. They performed inferior jobs. They were forcefully kept away from the
so called superior caste of people. If they touched any of the person belonging
to a superior class he would become filthy.
Q3: Give detail of war between Alexander
the great and Raja Poris.
Ans: Alexander was born in Greece in 356 B.C. He
left for India to capture its wealth as well as to conquer the world. He
crossed the Indus River and advanced towards Texla. The Raja of Texla welcomed
him very warmly and offered him many precious gifts to please Alexander. After
his stay in Texla he stepped forward to Jhelum to attack Raja Poris. Raja Poris
was a brave person. He preferred battle to welcoming Alexander. As the war started
Alexander shot hundred of arrows at the elephants of Raja’s army. Thus Raja’s
army was routed. Raja fought bravely but in the end he lost the battle. .Alexander
had won the battle but the bravery of Poris impressed him a lot. He returned
him his empire.
Q4: Write in brief the religious ideas of
Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.
Ans: Hinduism is totally different from the other
two because of its teaching:
1. Jainism and Buddhism are strictly against
caste and creed system while Hinduism believes in caste and creed system.
2. Buddhism and Jainism lay stress on the
theory of “non violence.”
3. Jainism and Buddhism allow preaching
while in the Hinduism one cannot be converted to a Hindu by force.
4. Jainism and Buddhism teach to refrain
from sins, while Hindus believe that after taking “bath” their sins are washed
away.
5. In Hinduism worldly life is given
importance. While Jainism and Buddhism are inclined to world monkery.
Q5: Tell about the establishment of Gupt
empire and revival of Hinduism.
Ans: Chandar Gupt (first) laid the foundation of
Gupt empire in 320 B.C. India got reunited in this period and Hinduism
flourished. He started making his empire vast. As areas of Tibet were included
in his empire. It spread of Ganges and Jamuna. He died in 335 B.C.
Revival of Hinduism in the Gupt empire:
Gupt age actually is the age of revival of Hinduism. Hinduism reached its peak. Many temples were constructed. Sinsikrit was promoted. Mathematics, stoneware and music got fame. Hindu’s religious leaders started their efforts to make their religion attractive. Sinsikrat progressed in this era. The Hinduism of the present age is the form of same shape.
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Ch 1: Earth as a Planet
Q3: Define rotation and formation of days
and nights.
Ans: Rotation: The earth moves around
its axis. This is called rotation.
Formation of day and night:
If a football is hanged with a string and
light is thrown on it with a torch from a distance of 5 feet. You will see that
half portion of football is illuminated and other half is in darkness. Mark the half
portion.
Now if you rotate
the football slowly, you will see that the portion which was in darkness has
come into light and the portion which was illuminated has gone into darkness.
Days and nights are formed in the same way. Because the earth is round like a
football, its half portion remains in front of the sun for a specific time.
This half portion experiences day while the other half portion experiences
night. Due to rotation the day and night are constantly interchanged.
Q4: Define revolution of the earth and
the change of seasons.
Ans: Revolution: The movement of the
earth in its orbit around the sun is called revolution.
Seasonal variation:
On June 21, the northern hemisphere is
tilted towards the sun; while the southern hemisphere is away from the sun
that’s why there is summer in the northern hemisphere and winter in the
southern hemisphere. On December 22, the southern hemisphere is tilted towards
the sun, while the northern hemisphere is away from the sun. That is why there
is summer in the southern hemisphere and winter in the northern hemisphere.
On March 21 and September 22, neither of the
two hemispheres is tilted towards the sun. That’s why the season is neither too
hot nor too cold in both hemispheres.
Q5: Write a note on the continents.
Ans: Continents: The land portion is
comprised of seven large masses which are called continents. These are:
1. Asia: It
is the largest continent. In its east lies the Pacific Ocean, in the west
Europe, in the north the northern ocean and in the south the Indian Ocean.
2. Africa: It is the second largest continent. In
its east lies the Indian Ocean, in the west the Atlantic Ocean, in the north
the Mediterranean Sea and in the south the southern ocean.
3. North America: It is the third largest continent. In
its east lies the Atlantic Ocean, in the west the Pacific Ocean, in the north
the northern ocean in the south the continent of South America.
4. South America: It is the fourth largest continent. In
its east lies the Atlantic Ocean, in the west the Pacific Ocean in the north
the continent of North America and in the south the southern ocean.
5. Antarctica: It is the fifth largest continent. It is
situated around the South Pole. Due to its extreme cold climate, it is the only
uninhabited continent.
6. Europe: It is the sixth largest continent. In
its east lies Asia, in the west the Atlantic Ocean, in the north the northern ocean
and in the south the Mediterranean Sea.
7. Australia: It is the smallest continent. In its
east and north lies the Pacific Ocean in the west and south lies the Indian
Ocean.
Ch 3: Earth as
a home for the human beings
Q3: Write a note on the relationship of
climate and human beings.
Ans: Climate and Human Beings: Our
earth is so big that the climate found in different parts is not similar. A lot
of variation is found, due to which the diet, clothing and way of living of
people is different.
The people living in cold climate wear
woolen clothes and fur coats. Fish is an important part of their diet.
The people living in warm climate wear
light dresses. Their diet is also simple. Variation in climate also affects the
colour, physical appearance and working capabilities of human beings.
Q4: Write a note on physical landscape.
Ans: Although the plains are densely populated,
however, human beings are also settled in mountains and deserts and have
adjusted their lives.
Mountains: People living in mountains are physically
strong because of difficult terrain. No flat land is available in mountains.
Crops like maize, rice, tea and fruits are cultivated. It is difficult to
develop road and railway network.
Winters are
severe in mountains while summer are pleasant. Forests are found in mountains.
Mountains are considered beautiful tourists resorts.
Plains: Plains provide an easy
environment. Land allows large scale cultivation, development and industries
and transportation networks. Climate is not too sever, 80% of world’s
population resides in plains.
Deserts: The amount of
rainfall in desert in very low, that’s why there are no permanent rivers in
deserts. Cactus and palms (date tree) grow in desert. People live a nomadic way
of life in search of water and food.
Q5: What is meant by Natural environment?
Also write a note on the relationship between forests and human beings.
Ans: Homes provide us natural environment on which
life depends. The natural environment is present only on the earth among the
other planets of the solar system.
Relationship of human being with forests
is as under.
1.
Forests are basic
source of oxygen.
2.
Relationship between
forests and human being is very old.
3.
We get shrubs, herbs
and fruit etc from forests.
4.
Houses are
constructed with wood.
5.
Forests affect the
climate.
Ch 4: rocks
Q3: Write is meant by a rock? Also write
a detailed note on igneous rocks.
Ans: Rock:
Rock is a combination of two or more minerals.
Igneous Rocks: Igneous rocks are formed by Lava when it solidifies either under or
on surface of the earth.
Types of Igneous Rocks:
There are two types of Igneous Rocks.
1.
Intrusive Igneous Rocks
2.
Extrusive Igneous Rocks.
Intrusive Igneous Rocks: When the molten matte solidifies deep inside the surface of the
earth, the rock thus formed is called Intrusive Igneous rock. It is also called Plutonic rock. Granite, diorite and
gabbro are intrusive igneous rocks.
Extrusive Igneous Rocks: When the molten matte comes on the surface of the earth and
solidifies, the rock thus formed is called extrusive igneous rock. Basalt and
obsidian are extrusive igneous rocks.
Characteristics of igneous Rocks:
·
These rocks were formed in the beginning,
that’s why are also called primary rocks.
·
Crystals are found in these rocks.
·
There are no layers in these rocks.
·
These rocks are hard.
·
Fossils of animals and plants are not found in
these rocks.
Q4: Write a detailed note on Sedimentary
rocks.
Ans: The
rocks formed near or on the surface of the earth are weathered and eroded into
sediments by solar heat, rain, wind, a river or glacier. These sediments are
transported to far off places and deposited layer by layer. These layers fix
together firmly with the passage of time and a rock is formed which is called
sedimentary rock.
Types of sedimentary rocks: There are three types of sedimentary
rocks.
1.
Mechanically formed rocks
2.
Chemically formed rocks
3.
Organic rocks
Characteristics of sedimentary rocks:
·
The surface of the earth is formed mostly of
sedimentary rock.
·
These rocks are indentified easily because of
their layered form.
·
These rocks are mostly used in construction
works.
·
Fossils of animals and plants are found in these
rocks.
·
These rocks are comparatively less hard and
weak.
Q5: Classify rocks and write a detailed
note of metamorphic rocks.
Ans: There
are three types of rocks according to their formation.
1.
Igneous rocks
2.
Sedimentary rocks
3.
Metamorphic rocks
Metamorphic rocks:
The rocks formed on the surface of the
earth are weathered and eroded, while the rocks which are formed or buried
under the surface of the earth changed. These changed rocks are called
metamorphic rocks.
There are two main reasons of this change.
(1). Temperature (2)
Pressure.
On the basis of these reasons, there are
two types of metamorphic rocks.
1.
Rocks formed by Thermal metamorphism
2.
Rocks formed by regional metamorphism
Characteristics of Metamorphic rocks
·
These rocks are formed by the alternation of
pre-existing rock.
·
These are more smooth and shiny.
·
These rocks are more hard and compact.
·
Fossils of animals and plants are not found in
these rocks.
Ch
6: Land features of Pakistan
Q3: Write a note on Northern Mountains of
Pakistan.
Ans: There
are two ranges in the northern mountains.
Himalayas
Karakoram
1.
The Himalayas: The Himalayas are divided into three segments which are situated
parallel to each other from south east to north west.
Siwalik Hills: The siwalik hills are situated in
Islamabad, Murree, Hazara and Abbottabad. Average height of these hills is
about 800 metres.
Lesser Himalayas: In the north of Siwalik Hills are the
mountains of Azad Kashmir and Pir panjal. Average height of these mountains is
about 4000 metres. These are called lesser Himalyas.
Greater Himalyas: Greater Himalayas are situated in the
north of Lesser Himalayas. These snow peaked mountains are situated in Swat,
Kohistan and Gilgit. Average height of these mountains is about 6000 metres.
The highest peak of this range is Nanga Parbat which is 8126 metres high.
2.
The Karakoram:
In the north of Greater Himalayas, there
is another range of snow peaked mountains, situated in Gilgit upto Skardu. This
is called Karakoram Range. The highest peak of this range is K2 which is 8611
metres high. K2 is also called Godwin Austin. It is the second highest peak of
the world. Huge glaciers are found in this range in which Siachin, Hispar,
Baltoro, Biafo and Batura are important.
Q4: Write a note on North western and
western mountains of Pakistan.
Ans: There are three mountain ranges in the west of
Pamir Knot. Their height decreases towards south. These mountain ranges are:
1. Hindukush Mountains: Hindukush Mountains are situated in the
north west of Pakistan along the border of Afghanistan. This mountain ranges
stretches from Chitral, Swat and Malakand up to river Kabul in the south. The
highest peak of this range is Tirich Mir which ic 7690 metres high.
2. Sufaid Koh and
Waziristan Hills: In the
south of Hindukush Mountains, from river Kabul to river Kurram, along the
border of Afghanistan is the mountain range called Sufaid Koh. These mountains
are situated in Mohmund and Khyber agency. The valleys of Peshawar, Kohat and
Bannu are also situated in these mountains. The highest peak of this range is Sikeram
which is 4761 metres high. In the south of Sufaid Koh from river Kuram to river
Gomal are situated the less high Wazirstan hills.
3. Suleman and Kirthar
Mountains: In the south of
river Gomal upto river Bolan is situated the mountain range, known as Suleman
mountains. These mountains are situated along the river Indus between Punjab
and Balochistan. The highest peak in this range is Takht-e-Suleman which is
3487 metres high. In the further south of river Bolan between Balochistan and
Sindh is the mountain range known as Kirthar Mountains. Towards south the
average height of this range is only about 300 metres.
Q5: Write a detailed not on the Indus
Plain.
Ans: Indus plain has been divided into three parts.
Upper Indus Plain:
River Indus comes out of the northern
mountains and enters into plains. Here the following rivers join it from the
eastern side one by one. Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej.
Up to Mithun Kot, the maximum part of
Punjab has been formed by the deposition of these rivers. It is called Upper Indus Plain. It is very fertile and very much
favourable for cultivation.
Lower Indus Plain:
From Mithun Kot to Thatta in the south
the plain area is called Lower Indus plain. Cholistan and Thar are situated in
east of river Indus. Apart from the deserts, the rest of the plain is suitable
for cultivation.
Deltaic Indus Plain:
From Thatta to the coast of Arabian Sea
in the south the plain area is called Deltaic Indus Plain. Here the speed of
river Indus is very slow due to very gentle slope and it is divided into many
branches. It is a swampy area.
