~* ~* History + Geography 1st Semester Notes~* ~*

Ch.1: Indus Valley Civilization

Short Q/A

Q1: What is history?

Ans: History is such an organized study of past, in which it examined the result and effects of the events of passed away nations.

Q2: How a thought can be created?

Ans: A thought can be created for future after getting a lesson from the historical events and present circumstances حالات.

Q3: What is aim of history?

Ans: Basic aim of history is to keep the new generation up-to-date.

Q4: What does study of history provide?

Ans: The study of history provides us comprehensive جامع knowledge of nations.

Q5: Which is oldest civilization of world?

Ans: Indus valley is one of the oldest civilization of the world.

Q6: Where signs of Indus valley are found?

Ans: The signs of Indus valley are found in Sindh at Mohenjodarho and in Punjab along with the river ravi Harppa (Sahiwal).

Q7: How many settlements are discovered in Pakistan and India?

Ans: About 1500 settlements are discovered in Pakistan and India.

Q8: Into how many periods Indus valley civilization is divided?

Ans: The Indus valley civilization consisted of three periods.

          (i). Primary period           2500 BC to 3800 BC

          (ii). Middle period            1700 BC to 2500 BC

          (iii). Last period               1300 BC to 1700 BC

Q9: In which period new cities were established?

Ans: Many new cities and villages were established in middle period.

Q10: Where is Mohenjodarho?

Ans: Mohenjodarho an ancient  قدیم   city in District Larkana (Sindh).

Q11: When signs of Indus valley were discovered?

Ans: The signs of Indus valley were discovered in 1922.

Q12: Which things are found in Mohenjodaro?

Ans: Ornaments, clay, bronze, utensils, seals, carts, boats, toys, spindles and           skeletons of different animals.

Q13: Which is second most important city of Indus valley?

Ans: Harrapa is second most important city of Indus valley.

Q14: Which things are found in Harrapa?

Ans: Solid clay utensils, seals and system of measures and weights.

Q15: How many civilizations have been discovered in world?

Ans: Four most ancient civilizations have been found.

Q16: Name the civilizations which have been found?

Ans: Egypt, Mesopotamia (Iraq), Summaria and Indus valley have been found.

Q17: With which cities Indus valley had trade relations?

Ans: Indus valley had trade relations with southern Iran, Iraq, Egypt and Persian Gulf.

Q18: What is meant by cradle of civilization?

Ans: Indus valley, Dajla, Farat and Neil valley are called cradle of civilizations.

Q19: By whom Indus valley had religion relations?

Ans: It had commercial   تجارتیand religion relations with Summaria and Babal .

Q20: Which things were imported from Egypt?

Ans: Building stones, skins, gold, emerald, ropes and dry goods.

Q21: Which things were imported from Iraq?

Ans: Silver, woolen cloth, leather and oil were imported from Iraq.

Q22: Which portraits have been found in Indus valley?

Ans: Portraits of gods and mother goddess were founds in Indus valley.

Q23: How Indus valley system was run?

Ans: Indus valley system was run under a regular administration.

Q24: Where did land lord and influential صاحب اقتدار لوگ persons reside?

Ans: Land lords and influential persons resided in upper parts in large houses.

Q25: How many symbols were in writing script?

Ans: 400 symbols were in writing.

Q26: What kind of soil did Indus valley have?

Ans: The soil in Indus valley was fertile.

Q27: Which crops were cultivated in Indus valley?

Ans: Wheat, millet, barley, vetches, peas, Indian millet, sesame-seed, rice,           linseed, mustard-seed and cotton.

Q28: Which animal had importance in Indus valley?

Ans: Bull had importance in Indus valley.

Q29: How internal trade was carried by?

Ans: Internal trade had been carried by bullock-carts.

Q30: Where houses were built?

Ans: Houses were built on the edges of the roads of city.

Q31: What was used to go upper storey?

Ans: Ladders سیڑھی had been used to go upper storey.

Q32: What was the size of roads in Indus valley?

Ans: The size of roads was one kilometer long and nine meters wide.

Q33: Who destroyed the Indus valley?

Ans: Aryan assailants حملہ آور destroyed the Indus valley.

Q34: When did Indus valley disappear?

Ans: Indus valley disappeared in 1500 B.C.

Q35: Which calamities caused the decline?

Ans: The calamities like earthquakes and floods caused the decline.

Q36: Which was the major profession of Indus valley people?

Ans: Farming was the major profession of Indus valley people.

Q37: Where had migrated the local population after arrival of Aryans?

Ans: Local people migrated towards south-east.

Ch.1: Earth as a Planet

Short Q/A

Q1: What is big-bang?

Ans: The creation of universe resulted from a massive explosion about 15 to 20      billion years ago. This is called big bang.

Q2: What is universe?

Ans: The universe is combination of billions of galaxies comprised of matter.

Q3: What is milky way Galaxy?

Ans: Milky way galaxy is collection of billions of stars, gases and clouds of dust.

Q4: What is solar system?

Ans: Eight planets revolve round the sun. This is called solar system.

Q5: When solar system was originated?

Ans: Solar system was originated about 5 billion years ago.

Q6: Which gases are available in sun?

Ans: Hydrogen and helium gases are available in sun.

Q7: What is temperature of sun?

Ans: The temperature of sun is 6000⁰ centigrade.

Q8: In how many days earth revolves around sun?

Ans: Earth revolves around sun in about 365 days and 6 hours.

Q9: What is meant by leap year?

Ans: After every four years there are 29 days in February, it is called leap year.

Q10: When Pluto was eliminated ختم کر د یاگیا from solar system?

Ans: Pluto was eliminated in August 2006.

Q11: How does earth look like?

Ans: Earth is round like football.

Q12: What is diameter of earth?

Ans: Diameter of earth is about 12750 kilometers.

Q13: What is circumference of earth?

Ans: Circumference of earth is 40,000 kilometers.

Q14: What is area of earth?

Ans: The area of the surface of earth is about 510 million square kilometers.

Q15: What are two types of movement of earth?

Ans: Rotation and revolution.

Q16: What is meant by rotation?

Ans: The earth moves around its axis. This is called rotation.

Q17: What is speed of rotation?

Ans: The speed of rotation is 1700 kms per hour.

Q18: In how much time earth completes rotation?

Ans: In 24 hours earth completes its rotation.

Q19: At which angle earth’s axis is tilted?

Ans: The earth’s axis is tilted at an angle of 66 ½ .

Q20: What is revolution?

Ans: The movement of the earth in its orbit around the sun is called revolution.

Q21: what is speed of revolution?

Ans: The speed of revolution is about 107,000 kms per hour.

Q22: In how many days earth completes its revolution?

Ans: The earth completes its revolution in 365 days and 6 hours.

Q23: What is shape of earth’s orbit?

Ans: The orbit revolves in oval shape.

Q24: What is solar eclipse?

Ans: Sometimes the moon comes between the sun and the earth, due to which           the sun is not seen. This is called solar eclipse.

Q25: What is lunar eclipse?

Ans: Sometimes the earth comes between the sun and the moon, due to which           the moon is not seen. This is called lunar eclipse.

Q26: What is area of earth?

Ans: The area of earth is about 510 million sq kms.

Q27: How much area of earth is comprised by land?

Ans: 29% of earth is comprised by land.

Q28: How much area of earth is comprised by water?

Ans: 71% of earth is comprised by water.

Q29: What is meant by continent?

Ans: The land portion is comprised of seven large masses which are called           continents.

Q30: Name continents.

Ans: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Australia.

Q31: Which is largest continent?

Ans: Asia is the largest continent.

Q32: Which is second largest continent?

Ans: Africa is second largest continent.

Q33: Which is third largest continent?

Ans: North America is third largest continent.

Q34: Which is fourth largest continent?

Ans: South America is fourth largest continent.

Q35: Which is fifth largest continent?

Ans: Antarctica is fifth largest continent.

Q36: Why people don’t live in Antarctica?

Ans: Due to extreme climate. It is uninhabited continent.

Q37: Which is sixth largest continent?

Ans: Europe is sixth largest continent.

Q38: Which is smallest continent?

Ans: Australia is sixth largest continent.

Q39: What is ocean?

Ans: A huge mass of water is called ocean.

Q40: How many oceans are in world?

Ans: There are five oceans in world.

Q41: Name oceans.

Ans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, Northern Ocean.

Q42: Which is the largest ocean?

Ans: Pacific ocean is the largest ocean.

Q43: Which is the second largest ocean?

Ans: Atlantic ocean is second largest ocean.

Q44: Which is the third largest ocean?

Ans: Indian ocean is third largest ocean.

Q45: Which is the fourth largest ocean?

Ans: Southern ocean is fourth largest ocean.

Q46: Which is the smallest ocean?

Ans: Northern ocean is the smallest ocean.

Ch.3: Earth as home of human beings

Short Q/A

Q1: What does home provide?

Ans: Home provides the environment necessary for the structure of human life to exist.

Q2: Which gas enriched atmosphere?

Ans: Oxygen enriched atmosphere.

Q3: Name natural sphere.

Ans: Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere and Biosphere.

Q4: What is atmosphere?

Ans: There is an envelope of different gases, water vapours and dust particles which surrounds our earth. It is called Atmosphere.

Q5: Which gas is most important?

Ans: Oxygen gas is most important.

Q6: Which gas do the plants utilize?

Ans: Carbon dioxide is utilized by plants.

Q7: What is ozone?

Ans: Ozone shields our earth from the dangerous ultra-violet rays from sun.

Q8: What is lithosphere?

Ans: The surface area of earth is about 510 million sq kms. About 29% of this           area is comprised of land. This is called Lithosphere.

Q9: What is hydrosphere?

Ans: About 71% of the earth’s surface is comprised of water in different shapes        i.e. oceans, rivers and lakes etc. This is called hydrosphere.

Q10: What is evaporation?

Ans: The water vapours enter the atmosphere. It is called evaporation.

Q11: What is biosphere?

Ans: The sphere of life comprised of plants, animals and human beings. It is           dependent upon other three spheres. It is called biosphere.

Q12: What is natural environment?

Ans: Atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere collectively form the     natural environment.

Q13: How people living in mountains are strong?

Ans: People living in mountains are physically strong because of difficult terrain.

Q14: Which crops are cultivated in mountains?

Ans: Crops like maize, rice, tea and fruits are cultivated in mountains.

Q15: Which areas are considered beautiful resorts points?

Ans: Mountains are considered beautiful tourists resorts points.

Q16: How much population resides in plains?

Ans: 80% of world population resides in plains.

Q17: What does flat land allow?

Ans: Flat land allows large scale cultivation, development of industries and           transportation network.

Q18: Why there are no rivers in deserts?

Ans: The amount of rainfall in deserts is very low. That’s why there are no rivers.

Q19: What kind of life do people live in deserts?

Ans: People living in deserts live a nomadic  بدوشخانہ  life.

Q20: Which trees grow in deserts?

Ans: Cactus and palms (date tree) grow in deserts.

Q21: How international trade is done?

Ans: International trade is done mostly via sea-routes.

Q22: When and where canoes were made?

Ans: Canoes were made 6000 BC in Egypt.

Q23: When roman trade ships were made?

Ans: Roman trade ships were made 2000 years ago.

Q24: What are important sources of irrigation?

Ans: Rivers are important sources ذرائع of irrigation.

Q25: How hydro-electricity is generated?

Ans: Hydro-electricity is generated from rivers.

Q26: How much area of Pakistan is comprised of forests?

Ans: 5% percent of area of Pakistan is comprised of forests.

Q27: What are roof gardens?

Ans: The world’s most dense forests are found near the equator. These are called Roof Gardens.

Q28: In deserts what is used for transportation?

Ans: In deserts camel is used for transportation.

Q29: How silk is attained?

Ans: Silk is attained from silk worms.